malek shojaei
Abstract
1-IntroductionHans Diebreder "Bibliography of Islamic Philosophy" deals with the historiography of Islamic philosophy, from the time of publication of the first work by De Boer until our time. He has analyzed the assumptions of Orientalists in the historiography of Islamic philosophy and outlined the ...
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1-IntroductionHans Diebreder "Bibliography of Islamic Philosophy" deals with the historiography of Islamic philosophy, from the time of publication of the first work by De Boer until our time. He has analyzed the assumptions of Orientalists in the historiography of Islamic philosophy and outlined the history of Orientalist writings about Islamic philosophy and expressed its strengths and weaknesses. Daiber considers the most important features of the Orientalist approach (such as De Boer, Goldziher, Max Horton, etc.) in the historiography of Islamic philosophy to be neglecting the interaction of philosophy with Islamic words, emphasizing Platonic elements over Aristotelian elements, and paying little attention to the religious context. Islamic philosophy and exaggeration about the role of ethnic (Semitic) elements in the development of Islamic philosophy. Sharif, Nasr, Mehdi Khan, Tawfiq Ebrahim and others) believes that these works are more descriptive than critical and historical and in those historical-comparative studies about the Greek background of Islamic philosophy are generally ignored and exaggerated emphasis is placed on the originality of Islamic philosophy. considers it to be the reaction of Muslim scholars to the European-centered historiographical approach to Islamic philosophy. (ibid., xxviii).2-Materials & MethodsDr. Davari's reading of Islamic philosophy and its position in contemporary history and culture, whose main paradigm is the modern and Europe-centered discourse, while paying attention to the status and nature of contemporary Western philosophy and culture, tries to explore the possibilities of Islamic philosophy in dialogue with issues and Think about contemporary culture. This attention to Islamic philosophy has existed in different intellectual periods of Dr. Davari, including in books such as Farabi, the founder of Islamic philosophy (1354, first edition) and Maqam of philosophy in the period of Islamic Iranian history (1st edition, 1356) and later in our book and the history of philosophy Islamic (1389). According to Dr. Davari's analysis in his book "Ma and the History of Islamic Philosophy" (2009).3-Discussion & ResultThe survey of Islamic philosophy was directed to the sky rather than to the earth. He quoted Cicero as saying that Socrates brought philosophy from heaven to earth, and that Socrates has two talents: one earthly and the other heavenward. The first talent realized the modernity system and the second talent achieved the return to the sky (p. 25). Philosophy in the west of the Islamic world took the first path with Ibn Rushd, and Asan was placed on the path of Spinoza, Hume and Kant, and the second talent was actualized in the east of the Islamic world, especially in Iran. But now that modernity has fallen into disrepair in its own land and experts are talking about the weakness of its principles, the modernists have taken modernity and its philosophy as their goal and blame the philosophies that did not lead to it. This criticism is caused by an abstract understanding of the wisdom of the Enlightenment period and the desire to achieve it. Every fruit on a tree and every tree has its roots in the land that provides the conditions for planting and harvesting that tree. Philosophy cannot be cut and separated from its own world and it can be taken anywhere and kept fresh there. New philosophy is from that world of modernity and Christian and Islamic philosophy is from that world of Christianity and Islam.The type of metaphilosophy (METAPHILOSOPHY) and the perception we have about "philosophy of philosophy" are decisive in the reading we present of the position of Islamic philosophy in the contemporary world. In Dr. Davari's metaphilosophy, philosophy is not a set of correct rules about the inherent symptoms of existence, but rather a historical thinking. If the philosophers of the Islamic world had interfered in philosophy due to considerations, their philosophy would not have balance, proportion, and order, and it would not find durability and historical validity, but it would be an incoherent set of discussions and issues, which, because it did not have a solid foundation, would be carried away by the smallest wind of opposition. Therefore, the work of philosophy in the Islamic world did not end with the transfer and translation of the works of the predecessor philosophers, but this historical approach to Greek thought with a new interpretation that started from the beginning led to the emergence of another form of philosophy. The philosophers of the Islamic world considered the problems of Greek philosophy with They interpreted new principles and established a philosophy that, like any other form of philosophy, was an absolute and universal philosophy in the eyes of its owners. The division of philosophy according to the Greek, Middle Ages, Islamic and New eras has been done in the new era. In addition to this division, the thousand-year-old philosophy of the Islamic world can be called the Islamic-Iranian philosophy. Islamic philosophy, like the Greek philosophy, which considered the consistency of the just (human) Medina, thought about the place of man and his life in a divine but rational system.4-Conclusion The philosophers of the Islamic world learned from the Greeks the concepts of existence, nature, cause, causality, step, essence, width, change, movement, stillness, civil system, and moral virtues from the Greeks, and to some opinions and thoughts of Alexandrians and in general The debates that took place in the history of philosophy in the five hundred years after Plotinus were more or less accessible. The result of his discussion is that, firstly: Greek philosophy observes the perfection of human existence in Medina and guides the education of the people of Medina. Second: Islamic philosophy. It did not emerge by manipulating the opinions of Plato, Aristotle and the Neo-Platonists, but it is the first great and important intersection between two cultures and philosophies that are connected with the spirit of the Iranian-Islamic world. and it has been with this talent and desire that he has tried and worked hard with philosophy in the field of religious thinking. Fourth: Philosophers of the Islamic world interpreted Greek philosophy with regard to the horizon that was opened with Islam, and of course, in this interpretation, they did not ignore the wisdom of their ancestors in Iran before Islam. Ibn Sina spoke of Eastern wisdom, and Suhravardi considered the essence of his philosophy to have been learned from Khosravani's wisdom, and finally, he was involved in the consistency of philosophy of the Islamic period of ancient Iran, Sufism and mysticism from the beginning, and this involvement and presence gradually reached its peak in Mulla Sadra and his followers. If it is possible to stand somewhere in the current history of the world and have a dialogue with the philosophers of the past, those philosophers no longer belong to the past but are contemporary. The difference between philosophies and science is that science depends on its history in any case. Ptolemy has known history and the world, and for this reason his book is no longer taught, but Plato can be a contemporary philosopher. This ruling is also true for Farabi, Suhrawardi, Ibn Sina, and Mulla Sadra. If we read and memorize the texts of these philosophers and teach them to others, they will repeat the learned words and expressions. It is obvious that the text belongs to the past, but if, as Leo Strauss said, we read the hieroglyphics or, to be more precise, the gaps between the statements and the contents between the lines, and by reading them we reflect on the text, that text comes alive in time and speaks to its reader. All philosophers have unsaid and unwritten things. The task of the successor philosopher is to search for the unsaid of the predecessor. In Islamic philosophy, how should one search for the unsaid when a philosophy has traveled a thousand-year path, what path has it not taken and which words are left unsaid?
Omid Momtaz; Mohammad Reza Gholami Shekarsaraee; Hasan Chavoshian; Hadi Noori; Mohammad Amin Sorahi
Abstract
IntroductionThe purpose of this study is to investigate the concepts of performativity and performance from the viewpoint of distinguished experts in the field of gender and sex studies. Our understanding of the relationship between sex and gender was profoundly affected by the publication of Judith ...
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IntroductionThe purpose of this study is to investigate the concepts of performativity and performance from the viewpoint of distinguished experts in the field of gender and sex studies. Our understanding of the relationship between sex and gender was profoundly affected by the publication of Judith Butler's book "Gender Trouble," a post-structuralist critique of modernist feminism that was based on the idea of performativity, which came from the speech act theory of English philosopher J.L. Austin.Performance theory has two main traditions that are connected to feminist theory. Performance studies have an impact on one and help one comprehend actions in the context of theatrical matters. An alternative viewpoint is offered by feminist sociology, which takes an anthropological approach to gender, seeing it as "performed in everyday life." The research agenda includes investigating the origin of the terms "performance" and "performativity."Erving Goffman and the issue of self-sexualized representationIn his book "The Presentation of Self in Everyday Life," Erving Goffman lays forth basic ideas, including the idea that there is no such thing as a natural masculinity or femininity or an authentic central self. what's known as the outcome of controlling an actor's influence on people while they're in their direct presence.Garfinckel and the issue of managed achievement of sexThe article by Garfinckel titled " Passing and the Managed Achievement of Sex Status in an “Intersexed” Person" His primary contribution lies in the field of gender sociology. Similar to Goffman, he considers gender to be an everyday, controlled performance, and that normalization guarantees that the person performs gender without considering the underlying processes.Like Goffman, he thinks that a person has to act in concert with other people in particular social contexts, like "Community of understandings" in order to achieve either masculinity or femininity.On the gendered self-presentation, Garfinkel disagrees with Goffman's research. He thinks that Goffman's studies of self-presentation often ignore the ways in which self-presentation is viewed as a continuous process in favor of concentrating on a number of distinct individual occurrences. Kessler and McKenna and the issue of gender assignment These two writers tackle the topic of gender allocation in their book "Gender: An Ethnographic Approach." They look at the processes by which meaning is created and propagated in society, and how bodies are understood as gendered bodies.Unlike Garfinkel and Goffman, these two writers view gender performances and their meanings as more stable topics. According to their theory, the natural attitude is hard to change once they are formed. This means that once a person is assigned a gender, they tend to stay that way and even increase social anxiety.West and Zimmerman and the issue of doing genderIn "doing Gender," these two writers have drew from the research of earlier ethnographers. Naturally, they have also altered earlier pieces. They view gender as a political issue on a micro level in addition to an interactive one. They recognize that doing gender is a form of doing power and highlight the important role that micro-level social relations play in either sustaining or restraining power at the level of social structures.Judith Butler and the issue of gender performativityJudith Butler has developed her ideas using psychoanalytic concepts, John Austin's speech act theory, and Monique Wittig's materialist feminism. She has never theoretically used an ethnographic methodology in her narratives of gender and identity. According to Butler, gender is performative and is created and demonstrated by repeatedly acting out particular behaviors in line with social norms that specify what it means to be a man or a woman.Discussion and conclusionThe following issues can be brought up by looking at the writings of ethnomethodology theorists:The gendered self in specific contexts is constructed through the representations of actors in dyadic or polyadic interactions with others.Representation or performance of gender is recognized as a reflexive process, meaning that current performances determine future performances.Biographies (which can more or less remain unchanged) are expanded and developed through the integration of performances and gendered interactions over time.Sexuality is formed in ways that oneself or others perceive as satisfying (or unsatisfying).Community members continuously "doing gender."Rules and norms regarding what constitutes "assingment" gender roles are established, imposed, and changed in specific contexts.Those who engage in sexual activity are under the supervision of themselves and others, and if the sexual activity is not conducted in an approved manner, they are held accountable.Placing self within the categories of gender and those categories themselves means perceiving them as natural matters, and this superficial naturalness is a imposed matter.Performing gender, including forms of power at the micro level, means that performing gender involves doing power, and the micro level is connected to broader social structures.Based on Butler's approach, the following points are noteworthy:Gendering practices shaped by discourse mature over time to create the illusion that gender, instead of being seen as a construct specific to power relations, pertains to a stable essence.Repetition and stylization in any assumed form or example of gender are involved.Gender differentiation is created and stabilized through the specific functions of heterosexuality, and the regulatory power, along with the heterosexual matrix, organizes gendered subjects.Gender and heterosexuality are based on an imitative logic in which the manipulation of symbolic substitution can either reinforce or challenge dominant relationships.
Mohammad Pandamuz; Aَhmad Salahshoori; Parviz Sharifidaramadi; Irandokht Fayyaz; ِDortaj Fariborz
Abstract
The purpose of this research is to analyze the concepts related to learning in Wittgenstein's writings and examples of famous and important metaphors that he brought in his works with the intention of objectifying the concepts. "Intermediate circle" in cognition. The method has a practical objective ...
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The purpose of this research is to analyze the concepts related to learning in Wittgenstein's writings and examples of famous and important metaphors that he brought in his works with the intention of objectifying the concepts. "Intermediate circle" in cognition. The method has a practical objective and a qualitative and analytical approach. According to Wittgenstein, metaphor is more than a rhetorical tool and as a connecting link, it has the ability to stimulate the enlightenment of the learner's mind towards the realization of desired learning. In Wittgenstein's works, metaphor can be recognized as a kind of possibility and framework for understanding the forms of life and a basis for an agreement in which learning takes place in practice. Metaphors create a world made of language games; arising from the forms of life in which the teacher and learner achieve mutual understanding makes learning possible. Wittgenstein's metaphors are the underlying factor of objectification of concepts, the necessary platform for educational models that promote learning in an effective way through agreement on the forms of life.
Omid Momtaz; Mohammad Reza Gholami; Hasan Chavoshian; Hadi Noori; Mohammad Amin Sorahi
Abstract
Discourse is verbal or written communication that has unity, meaning, and purpose. In linguistics, discourse refers to a unit of language that is longer than a sentence. When you analyze discourse, you examine how the language is used to construct connected and meaningful texts. One crucial thing that ...
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Discourse is verbal or written communication that has unity, meaning, and purpose. In linguistics, discourse refers to a unit of language that is longer than a sentence. When you analyze discourse, you examine how the language is used to construct connected and meaningful texts. One crucial thing that can’t be neglected when it comes to discourse is the context. In linguistics, there are different ways to classify contexts. Here is one such classification:Linguistic context: The relationship between the words, phrases, sentences, and paragraphs. For instance, the participants must know where they are in time and space. It affects the expressions they use and the way they are interpreted.Situational context: The relationship between the participants, the environment, time, and place in which the discourse occurs. Situational context is usually approached through the concept of register, which focuses on the interrelationship of language and context.Cultural context: The culture and customs of epoch in language communities in which the speakers participate. Language is closely connected to the social structure and value system of society. Therefore, it’s influenced by such factors as social role and status, sex, age, etc.Method Definition Feminist poststructuralist discourse analysis is a new and emerging theoretical perspective and methodological approach to discourse analysis studies. This approach is an approach for analyzing intertextual discourses in spoken interaction and other types of text that uses the poststructuralist principles of complexity, plurality, ambiguity, connection, recognition, diversity, textual mischief, function and transformation. The feminist point of view in the post-structuralist analysis of the discourse considers the gender distinction as the dominant discourse among competing discourses during the analysis of text types. Feminist poststructuralist analysis considers gender distinction as one of the most pervasive discourses among many cultures in terms of its organized power in distinguishing between people based on gender and sexual orientation (Baxter, 2003). This definition of FPDA is derived from the ideas of Bakhtin (1981) and poststructuralists such as Derrida (1987) and Foucault (1980). Also, this definition is inspired by the works of Walkerdin (1998) and Weeden (1997).The principles of the methodSelf-reflectivity is one of the basic principles of the feminist post-structuralist approach to discourse analysis, which of course shares this principle with CA and CDA, which means that all three approaches are self-reflective regarding their expansion as "knowledge". Users of the FPDA approach should clarify their theoretical positions and specify the epistemological assumptions that are used in any discourse analysis.Second, this approach requires self-reflectivity on the acquisition of technical vocabulary or "fundamental rhetoric". This means being aware that technical terms are not capable of describing objective realities in a non-problematic manner. Researchers constantly need to question the assumptions and knowledge that are placed in the form of "analytical terms".Third, feminist poststructuralist analysis of the discourse requires self-awareness of the textuality of the research process and the phenomenon that every research includes a set of choices and authoring mechanisms. According to the post-structuralist perspective, all activities and searches for knowledge lead to the creation of a world and therefore, research itself is a discursive and fundamental construction.The second basic principle is the constructive approach. The focus of feminist and poststructuralist analysis is the motivation to question things, to deconstruct the constructions and structures around us, although not in the nihilistic or relativistic sense that is sometimes stereotypically associated with deconstructionism, but in order to reveal the possibility of juxtaposition and interaction between established and new ideas.The third basic principle in this approach is to find the focus of feminist activity. Third-wave feminism, or post-structuralist feminism, has tried to reduce and resolve the tensions and contradictions that lie in the liberating agenda of modernist feminism. Approach to dataFPDA has developed an approach to data that is significantly different from conventional approaches in discourse analysis. A powerful source of data for FPDA users, apart from transcripts of conversations and written texts, is data from a range of different voices, for example, the voices of the research subjects themselves, other members of the research team, theorists in the same The author's own domain or voice. Polyphony and heteroglossia or competing voices and narratives are structures that can be useful in this context.Text analysisIn this approach, various dimensions and cases have been considered for the analysis of the text, which include the Synchronic - Diachronic, Connotation and Denotation, and intertextuality.DiscussionOverall, the FPDA framework has made significant contributions to the field of sociolinguistics and communication studies. This framework provides a comprehensive insight through which to examine the complex interactions of subjects in discourse and to clarify how individuals engage in communicative strategies to maintain social harmony and navigate sensitive situations. Baxter's work has deepened our understanding of how subjects negotiate positions of power in a wide range of social contexts.Most importantly, Baxter's research provides valuable insights into the social value of understanding the interaction of feminism and poststructuralism in discourse. In a highly diverse and interconnected world, effective communication is critical to maintaining productive and positive relationships across cultural, social, and professional boundaries. By clarifying the complexities of social relations between genders, Baxter's framework equips people with the necessary knowledge and skills to navigate different social situations with tact and respect. This understanding has the potential to contribute to more harmonious interactions, increase cooperation and reduce conflicts in various social contexts.
Shervin Moghimi
Abstract
Plato's narrative of the educational nature of Socratic political philosophy ultimately leads to the negative position towards the political way of life. On the other hand, Aristotle tries to give a narrative of Socratic political philosophy in which, in addition to emphasizing the final purpose of Socrates, ...
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Plato's narrative of the educational nature of Socratic political philosophy ultimately leads to the negative position towards the political way of life. On the other hand, Aristotle tries to give a narrative of Socratic political philosophy in which, in addition to emphasizing the final purpose of Socrates, i.e. defending the philosophical way of life against non-philosophical ways, one can defend the political way of life positively. In this article, we attempt to show that Aristotle's first step in this direction is necessarily to defend the political way of life as a natural way for human beings. We show here that Aristotle's claim that "man is a political being by nature" has a fundamentally ironic and rhetorical characteristic. On the other hand, it seems that this ironic and rhetorical position is a necessary part of his alternative educational plan against the Platonic one. Therefore, confronting the complexity of Aristotle's interpretation of the term "nature" is in a way the focus of our considerations in this article.
sayedali mortazaviemamizavare; abasaleh Taghiadetabari
Abstract
The crisis of the public sphere or the category of the end of politics is one of the topics that has received a lot of attention in the political thought of the West in recent years. Reluctance to participate in elections, lack of trust in government and politics, and a decrease in political knowledge ...
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The crisis of the public sphere or the category of the end of politics is one of the topics that has received a lot of attention in the political thought of the West in recent years. Reluctance to participate in elections, lack of trust in government and politics, and a decrease in political knowledge are some of the phenomena that have caused Western thinkers to refer again to concepts such as politics, the private sphere, and their relationship. In this article, Hannah Arendt's political thought about the place of the public sphere and the private sphere is discussed as a theoretical base and then the external manifestation of this thought and its effects on the western society are examined. As Hannah Arendt thinks, the modern western politics has lost its independence and has appeared in a new meaning, a meaning that makes it dependent on the economy and, in other words, the private sphere.In the modern era, as emphasized by Arendt, politics established a close bond with economy and was defined under it.
mohammad bagher ansari; Ahmad kamyabi Mask; shahla Eslami
Abstract
Existentialism is a philosophical school based on freedom, choice and responsibility that seeks to define the originality of human beings. This line of thought and philosophical attitude is reflected in the plays of Beckett, the French-Irish author of the 20th century and the winner of the Nobel Prize ...
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Existentialism is a philosophical school based on freedom, choice and responsibility that seeks to define the originality of human beings. This line of thought and philosophical attitude is reflected in the plays of Beckett, the French-Irish author of the 20th century and the winner of the Nobel Prize for Literature in 1969, including Happy Days. Beckett did not have a political position. He was independent and did not talk about his works. Therefore, everyone interprets his works from their own point of view, and some people who do not know him correctly think that Beckett is a hopeless person and his works are ambiguous.This research shows with a library, descriptive and analytical method: Beckett seeks to criticize the stagnation and passivity of man by describing the human situation in the play Happy Days. most people, despite being free, avoid thinking, trying to advance society and accepting responsibility. Without any will, they have no desire to become and change their own and others' lives, and with laziness and ignorance, they accept exploitation and colonization. Beckett, like other existentialists, sees the growth and liberation of a person in self-improvement, awakening and will power.Keywords Beckett, Happy Days, Existentialism, choice, Freedom, Responsibility
