The Relation between Descartes "bête machine" theory and modern Environmental Behaviors
Mahdi
Behniafar
Assistant Professor, Department of Philosophy, Faculty of Persian Literature and Foreign Languages, Allameh Tabataba'i University
author
text
article
2018
per
This paper is a study and the philosophical critique of the concept of "bête machine" theory with the human environmental behaviors in Modern ages, and our question is what precisely does Cartesian mean the modern and contemporary man's behaviors with animals and the environment? We have first studied and evaluated precisely Cartesian propositions about animals and examined the ability of the theory to cover the whole material nature, including the human body. The doctrine of unity and integrity, the doctrine of Genesis Classlessness and the doctrine of non-thinking activism are three basic doctrines that can be deduced from Descartes' thought. Then we have discussed that the way of defining the environment in the modern ages and some humanistic behaviors in modern and pseudo-modern societies with nature and animals is fully compatible with these three Cartesian doctrines and does not consider any natural and inherent right for inhuman vital organisms. Finally, we have argued that Descartes' ability to extract the moral and legal system governing human behavior with animals and nature can be interpreted in two ways: 1. This perspective is sufficient to extract these Systems; 2. This view is certain, but to extract these systems is inadequate, and as a result, we need to advance and develop our knowledge in metaphysics or in science in order to establish a moral and legal system for dealing with animals and nature. Then, with the advent of the second interpretation, we believe that the mere consistency of these Descartes' principles with this kind of modern moral and legal norms is not a good reason to call the behavior of modern humans to animals and nature as Cartesian. In Descartes's view, progress in science is a necessary condition for the establishment of morality; new sciences and sciences such as animal and natural physiology can be considered as such.
Occidental Studies
IHCS
2383-0581
9
v.
2
no.
2018
1
23
https://occidentstudy.ihcs.ac.ir/article_3787_d00ee0ea840e8b0eb067abd6bdd26b05.pdf
Theoretical quarrel by Karl Löwith and Hans Blumenberg: The Modern Age as 'Secularization of Eschatology' or 'Secularization by Eschatology'
Behnam
Joodi
Department of political science, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
author
Majid
Tavasoli Roknabadi
Faculty of Department of political science, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
author
hassan
Abniki
Assistant Professor of Political Science, Islamic Azad University, South Tehran branch
author
Ali
Ashraf NAzari
Associate Professor, Department of Political Science, University of Tehran
author
text
article
2019
per
The first half of the twentieth century, the disappointments emerged due to the collapse of Christian values as well as the ideal of progress in Europe, which led to a rethinking of the foundations of the Modern age and its relation to the Christian Middle ages. These efforts put the issue at the core of the debate, known as 'Secularization'. About the relation of the Modern age and the Middle ages through the secularization, there are two bases: 'Continuity and Discontinuity', and two important theories about it are theories that, in opposition to each other, the Modern age is 'Secularization of Eschatology' or 'Secularization by Eschatology'. The prominent representatives of these two theories are Karl Löwith and Hans Blumenberg. Accordingly, in this article, by categorizing different positions on the secularization category, we identify Löwith and Blumenberg's positions within this category, then, analyze the arguments of Löwith and Blumenberg.
Occidental Studies
IHCS
2383-0581
9
v.
2
no.
2019
25
49
https://occidentstudy.ihcs.ac.ir/article_3788_55213762b8ee62297058019992d16eec.pdf
Friedrich Schiller and Enlightenment Critical Review of Lukac's Interpretation of Aesthetic Education
Hamidreza
Hajighsem
PhD student, Department of German Language and Literature, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
author
Masoud
Salami
Assistant professor and faculty member, Department of German Language and Literature, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
author
text
article
2019
per
Enlightenment era is in terms of political issues a time of tensions. In theoretical domain we are witness to fundamental changes and in it’s interact in social domains we are confronted with radical and conservative political stances. Recently, research focuses on Enlightenment and its thinkers from this point of view, which was inaugurated by the ideas of Margaret C. Jacob and became with the works of Jonathan Israel in the center of attention. Schiller takes definitely a political stance in his philosophical work entitled On the Aesthetic Education of Man that was authored after the French Revolution. Lukács argues that these letters show Schiller’s conservative ideas. Are we confronted with a Schiller, who seeks to keep the status quo after the French Revolution? This essay allows a skeptical view of Lukacs’ conception of the aesthetic education and shows that aesthetic education is based on radical ideas.
Occidental Studies
IHCS
2383-0581
9
v.
2
no.
2019
51
70
https://occidentstudy.ihcs.ac.ir/article_3789_08de0f47b3f9c89f67a692f7aef268d2.pdf
Foucault, Enlightenment and the art of Self- Creation
fateme
saki
MA of Philosophy, Faculty of literature and human sciences, University of Isfahan, Isfahan, Iran
author
Ali
Karbasizade
Associate Professor of Philosophy, Faculty of literature and human sciences, University of Isfahan, Isfahan, Iran
author
Ali
Zarei (Peyman)
Phd in Philosophy, Faculty of literature and human sciences, University of Isfahan, Isfahan, Iran
author
text
article
2019
per
The present study shows that how Michel Foucault is inclined to the art of self-invention in his final works through referring to some enlightenment doctrines. Reviewing basic concepts of enlightenment in late Foucault's works is along with a new understanding on the part of Kant and Subject. By placing aesthetic theories regarding to the self in the text of enlightenment thinking, Foucault shows that not only he doesn't ignore enlightenment values (on the contrary to his previous works), but also addresses restructuring some of these concepts. Such enlightenment reflects itself in that ethics implying rapport à soi. The formation of such ethics is possible with the help of Foucault's research regarding ethics in Greece and Rome from the one hand, and referring to Nietzsche as well as Charles Baudelaire's doctrines from the other. The ethics in ancient world is seeking to offer a method to nurture creativity, which faces them with their presence at first, and then the self in order to think in another way and change their life; i.e, to create themselves. Baudelaire, too, interprets being modern as creativity and dynamicity and believes that the person's life should be concomitant to self- invention and change like an artistic work. Our objective in the present study is to investigate an aspect of Foucault is thinking that has less been attended to which is invention and beautiful living.
Occidental Studies
IHCS
2383-0581
9
v.
2
no.
2019
71
86
https://occidentstudy.ihcs.ac.ir/article_3790_f190e45d56856694d443cef4d6fb7c98.pdf
A Survey on Dialectical Encounter between Paradigms in the Western Art History (From Renaissance to Beginning of the Modern Era)
Sadreddin
Taheri
Dean of Faculty of Research Excellence in Art and Entrepreneurship,
Department of Art studies,
Art University of Isfahan.
author
Elaheh
Shams najafabadi
Ph.D. Student, Department of Art Studies, Faculty of Research Excellence in Art and Entrepreneurship, Art University of Isfahan
author
text
article
2019
per
History is a chain without breaks, which shift flowingly from an era to another. A paradigm shift is a fundamental change in the basic concepts and experimental practices of a scientific discipline. Institution of art will rearrange, when a paradigm shift occures as result of a dialectical encounter. Thus art world coordinate itself with philosophical, political, economical and social aspects of the emerging era. This essay is trying to persue paradigm shifts in the western thought from Renaissance to beginning of Modernism, and their impacts in formation of art schools. Renaissance art rose with emblem of genius godlike man, to supersession pivotal position of god in the art of Middle Ages. Baroque artists took the first steps to be independent. Neoclassic art used ideas of the Enlightenment to serve the french revolution. Romantics became rebellious and restless illustrators of nature. Realists reflected protests of the downstream in their works, and Impressionists challenged these traditional approaches to be the pioneers of an endless conflict named Modernism.
Occidental Studies
IHCS
2383-0581
9
v.
2
no.
2019
87
110
https://occidentstudy.ihcs.ac.ir/article_3791_5fc8bbb0b368169b2fcfd4470a08d2e3.pdf
Cultural nationalism of herder
sedighe
mirzaie
PhD student in Western Philosophy, Faculty of Theology, Philosophy and Law, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
author
ali
moradkhani
Associate Professor, Department of Western Philosophy, Faculty of Humanities, North Tehran Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran.
author
text
article
2019
per
One of the main issues in Herder's thinking is nationalism. It puts nationalism in conflict with attitude of Cosmopolitanism of Enlightenment; according to that, all human beings, under the rule of reason, must regulate their various aspects in a certain way. In contrast to this view of Enlightenment, nationalism was supported by thinkers who were dominant in the movement of Romanticism. Nationalism sought to revive and recognize the social units that, over centuries, under the rule of a single unit, were deprived of their sovereignty. But, although Herder's thinking is not in conflict with the political aspect of nationalism, his conception of nationalism can be considered a largely cultural nationalism, rather than a political one. This article intends to articulate this idea.
Occidental Studies
IHCS
2383-0581
9
v.
2
no.
2019
111
132
https://occidentstudy.ihcs.ac.ir/article_3792_9a97c32e57677eb80b60a7b1ca63cc54.pdf
Duration and The Original Temporality
nayerehsadat
mirmousa
Ph.D. in Western philosophy of Tehran University
author
text
article
2019
per
In Being and Time, Heidegger acknowledges Bergson as a pivotal thinker with respect to time and praises his attempt to overcome the traditional concept of time. But he claims that Bergson’s way of doing so ultimately fails. Because the concept of duration as “qualitative succession of conscious states” is still involved with the components of traditional time like succession. In The Basic Problems of Phenomenology, he argues that Bergson misunderstands Aristotle’s account of time in ways that lead to the view that Aristotle reduces time to space. In this article, I have considered Heidegger’s critiques, and have concluded that these critiques seem to be correct. According to Heidegger, the duration is not original Temporality. The original time is understood with respect to Being, which is neglected in the definition of duration. Time is a temporality of the existence of Dasein. By analyzing the existence of Dasein as a care, time cannot be present-at-hand. the temporality of Dasein is nothing but a process that temporalizes itself. The temporalizing is the condition of both meanings of time; traditional time and duration.
Occidental Studies
IHCS
2383-0581
9
v.
2
no.
2019
133
156
https://occidentstudy.ihcs.ac.ir/article_3793_5b2510e9f516689c4a56541924324b7d.pdf