Document Type : Research Paper
Author
Professor of Philosophy of Science, Sharif University of Technology
Abstract
From the old times dualism, i.e. human beings' ownership of a body and a spirit , has been a controversial problem. With the dominance of positivism in modern times, the dominant view was the principality of matter and that spirit is a byproduct of matter.
In recent decades a number of scientists consider the spirit to be material but it cannot be explained in terms of present science. On the other hand, some believe that due to its complexity it can never be explained by science. But some very eminent scientist of our era believe that it is immaterial. Among this group some consider the human spirit to be an effusion from God
Keywords
منابع و مآخذ
1.ابن سینا (1363) ، روانشناسی شفا، اکبر داناسرشت، تهران، امیر کبیر
2.ابن سینا (1390) ،اشارات و تنبیهات، حسن ملکشاهی، تهران، سروش
3. مطهری، مرتضی (1374)، مجموعۀ آثار ، ج 13 ، تهران، انتشارات صدرا
4. مطهری، مرتضی (1386)، معاد ، تهران، بنیاد علمی-فرهنگی استاد شهید مرتضی مطهری
5. ملاصدرا ، محمدبن ابراهیم (1981) ، الحکمة المتعالیة فی الاسفار العقلیة الاربعة ، ج 1 ؛ بیروت، دار احیاء التراث العربی
6. ملاصدرا ، محمدبن ابراهیم (1981) ، الحکمة المتعالیة فی الاسفار العقلیة الاربعة ، ج 9 ؛ بیروت، دار احیاء التراث العربی
7- واثقی راد ، محمد حسین (1384)، دلائل تجرد روح ، فصلنامۀ مفید ، شمارۀ 47
8. Bergman, Jerry, (2010), "John C. Eccles ,Nobel laureate and Darwin doubter" Journal of Creation, 24(2).
9. Bohr, Niels , (1933), "Light and Life" Nature, Vol. 131.
10. Brian, D., (1995), The Voices of Genius: Conversations with Nobel Scientists and Other Luminaries, New York: Perseus Publishing.
11.Caruso, Gregg D. , ed., (2014), Science and Religion; Automatic Press.
12.Crick, Francis,(1994) The Astonishing Hypothesis : The Scientific Search for Soul, New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons.
13. Davies, Paul, (1995), "Physics and the Mind of God: The Templeton Prize Address":
14 Eccles, John , (2005), Evolution of the Brain: Creation of the Self , London: Taylor & Francis.
15. Eccles, John C., (1970), Facing Reality, New York: Springer-Verlag.
16. Giberson, Karl, (2003), "The man who fell to Earth", Interview with Sir Roger Penrose , Science & Spirit.
17. Gotschl, John, ed., (1992), Erwin Schrodinger's World View: The Dynamics of knowledge and Reality, Berlin/Heidelberg, Springer Science+ Business Media, B.V.
18 Hawking, Stephen and Mlodinow, Leonard, (2010), The Grand Design, New York: Bentam Books.
19. Hayes, Linda J., (1997), "Understanding Mysticism", The Psychological Record, 47.
20. Horgan, John, (1997), The End of Science, New York: Little, Brown and Company.
21. Horgan, John, (2016), "World's smartest physicist' believes consciousness will remain unsolvable", Scientific American.
22. Jascom, John, (2010), A Historical Interpretation of Philosophy ; Kessinger Publishing.
23. Peacocke , Arthur, (2004), Creation and the World of Science, Oxford: Oxford University Press.
24. Libet, Benjamin , (1999), " Do we have free will?", Journal of Consciousness Studies, Vol. 6, No.8-9.
25. Libet, Benjamin, (2005), Mind Time: The Temporal Factor in Consciousness, Cambridge, Massachusetts:Harvard University Press.
26. Miele, Frank, (2005) "Darwin's Dangerous Disciple:, An Interview with Richard Dawkins:
https://scepsis.net/eng/articles/id_3.php
27. Mott , Neville , (1991), Can Scientists Believe, London: James & James Science Publishers Ltd.
28. Penfield, Wilder, (1975), The Mystery of the Mind, Princeton: Princeton University Press.
29. Planck, Max, (1931), “The originator of quantum theory”, The Observer, London: January 25.
30. Richardson, Mark et. al., eds., (2002), "Universe ,Life, Consciousness", in Science and Spiritual Quest: New Essays by Leading Scientists, ed. by Mark Richardson ,et.al., Abingdon: Routledge.
31. Ruse, Michael, (2000), Can a Darwinian be a Christian?, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
32.Schrodinger, Erwin, (1984), “General Scientific and Popular Papers”, in Collected Papers, Vol. 4 ; Austrian Academy of Sciences.
33. Schrodinger, E., (1954), Nature and the Greeks, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
34. Singh, T.D. & Gomatam , Ravi, eds., (1987), Synthesis of Science and Religion, Bombay: The Bhaktivedanta Institute.
35. Stannard , R., (!996), Science and Wonders, London: Faber & Faber.
36. Stapp , Henry, P., (2017), Quantum Theory and Free Will, New York: Springer.
37. Trigg, Roger, (2007), " The Religious Roots of Science", lecture at the Faraday Institute for Science and Religion:
http://www.faraday.st-edmunds.cam.ac.uk/CIS/trigg_lecture.pdf
38. Varghese, Abraham, ed. (1984), Intellectuals Speak out about God : A Handbook for the Christian Student in a Secular Society, Washington: Regnery Publishing.
39. Wheeler, John and Zurek, Wojciech, eds., (1983), Quantum Theory and Measurement, Princeton: Princeton University Press.
40. Wilson, Edward, O., (1998), Consilience: The Unity of Knowledge, New York: Vintage Books.
39. Frankenberry , Nancy K., (2008), The Faiths of Scientists in Their Own Words, Princeton: Princeton University Press.
40.Wang ,Hao, (1996), A Logical Journey: From Gödel to Philosophy, Cambridge: The MIT Press.
41.Wong, Michael J.H., (2018), Ricoeur and the Third Discourse of the Person: From Philosophy and Neuroscience to Psychiatry and Theology, Lanham: Rowman & Littlefield.
)