Document Type : Research Paper

Author

Assistant Professor, Department of History, Civilization and Islamic Revolution, Faculty of Islamic Education and Thought, University of Tehran

Abstract

 The new right, like its predecessors during the years between World War I and the Second World War, there were violent acts such as Burning places and shelters of immigrants, Assassination and murder, humiliation of colored people, beatings of immigrants, sending messages and threatening comments, and slogans and hatred of religious places. Nevertheless, in the context of the "counter-terrorism" meta -narratives, many violent acts are attributed to immigrants especially to Muslims. This research seeks to answer the question of how the ideological foundations of the emerging new right in the West can be analyzed? And in West, what are the differences of the "other" as the case of extreme right-wing violence?  In response to the above question, this research by documentary method for data collection and through discourse analysis, examined the Foundations of thoughts of the new right. The extreme right discourse in the West seems to be based on an irreconcilable division between "us" and "them," or "self" and "another," and emphasizes a kind of valuation that goes beyond differences. It indicates the superiority of "us" over "them".

Keywords

 فهرست منابع
-         اینگلهارت، رونالد(1377). نوسازی و پسانوسازی، ترجمه علی مرتضویان، فصلنامه ارغنون،. شماره 13.
-         داوودی، علی اصغر(1389)نظریه گفتمان و علوم سیاسی، فصلنامه مطالعات سیاسی، سال دوم، شماره 8، صص 51-74.
-         زینالی، صادق (1394) اسلام هراسی غربی زمینه های اجتماعی  و رویکردهای سیاسی، فصلنامه مطالعات راهبردی جهان اسلام، شماره 61. صص 168-127.
-         صاحب خلق، نصیر( 1385). تاریح ناگفته و پنهان آمریکا، چاپ دوم، تهران، هلال.
-         عضدانلو، حمید (1375) درآمدی بر گفتمان یا گفتمانی درباره گفتمان، مجله اطلاعات سیاسی و اقتصادی، شماره های 104 - 103، صص 52-47.
-         کسرایی،محمدسالار و علی پوزش شیرازی(1388)نظریه گفتمان لاکلا و موفه ابزاری کارآمد در فهم و تبیین پدیده های سیاسی، فصلنامه سیاست، دوره 39، شماره 3، صص 339-360
-         گیدنز، آنتونی (1376) راه سوم؛ بازسازی سوسیال دموکراسی، ترجمه منوچهر صبوری کاشانی، تهران: نشر شیرازه، چاپ دوم.
-         مجیدی، محمد رضا و عزیزالله حاتم زاده (1395) قدرت­یابی گروه­های راست افراطی در اروپا؛ علل و پیامدها، فصلنامه سیاست، شماره38، صص 456-441.
-         مکنزی، یان و دیگران (1375) مقدمه­ای بر ایدئولوژی‌های سیاسی، ترجمه محمد قائد، تهران: نشر مرکز.
-         نظری، علی اشرف و برهان سلیمی(1394) پوپولیسم راست افراطی در دموکراسی اروپایی: مطالعه موردی فرانسه، فصلنامه دولت پژوهی، شماره 4، زمستان ، صص 186-157.
-         هوارث، دیوید(1377) نظریه گفتمان، فصلنامه علوم سیاسی، شماره 2، صص 156-183.
-         هی وود، اندرو (1379) درآمدی بر اید‌ئولوژی­های سیاسی، ترجمه محمد رفیعی مهرآبادی، تهران: دفتر مطالعات سیاسی و بین المللی وزارت امور خارجه.
-          
-          Arzheimer, Kai.2013. Electoral Sociology: Who Votes for the Extreme Right and Why and When? The Extreme Right in Europe. Current Trends and Perspectives. Eds. Backes, Uwe and Patrick Moreau. Göttingen: Vendenhoeck & Ruprecht, Pages. 35-50
-          Betz, Hans-George.1993. The New Politics of Resentment: Radical Right-Wing Populist Parties in Western Europe, Comparative Politics, Vol. 25, No. 4. pp. 413-427
-          Boon, Martin.2010. Understanding the rise of the far right: Survey results, Equality and Human Rights Commission, Manchester.
-          Caiani Manuela and Linda Parenti.2012. Extreme-Right Organizations and Online Politics: A Comparative Analysis on Five Western Democracies, IPSA Congress, 8-12 July Madrid, P 1-20.
-          Caiani, Manuela Linda Parenti.2011.  The Spanish extreme right and the Internet, Análise Social, vol. XLVI (201), pp. 719-740
-          Gattinara Castelli & Caterina Froio, (2014), Discourse and Practice of Violence in the Italian Extreme Right: Frames, Symbols, and Identity-Building in CasaPound Italia, IJCV : Vol. 8 (1). Pp154-170.
-          Govern, P.mc. 2007. All American: why I belive in Football, God and the War in Iraq. New York: Harper Collines.
-          Ghosh, Mirdula.2012. The Extreme Right in Ukraine, International policy analysis. pp 1-12.
-          Kundnani, Arun .2008‌. Islamism and the Roots of Liberal Rage, Race and Class, Vol. 52 (2). pp 40-68
-          Laclau, E. & Mouffe, C. 1985. Hegemony and Socialist Strategy: Towards a Radical Democratic Politics, Verson. London.
-          Laruelle, Marlene. 2015. Russia’s Bedfellowing Policy and the European Far Right, Russian Analaytical Digest, No. 167.pp 1-12.
-          Melzer, Ralf and Sebastian Serafin. 2013.Right- Wing Extremism in Europe, Copyright by Friedrich-Ebert-Stiftung,Projekt, Gegen Rechtsextremismus.
-           Mudde, C & Kaltwasser, C.  R.  2012. Populism in Europe and the Americas: Threat or corrective for democracy?   Cambridge University Press.
-          Mudde, Cas.2000. The ideology of the extreme right, Manchester University Press, First published .
-          Mude, Cas .2012. The Relationship Between Immigration and Nativism in Europe and North America, DePauw University.
-          Perliger,Arie. 2012. challenges from the sideline; Understanding America’s Violent Far-Right, The Combating terrorism center at west point.
-          Rogers, Richard. 2013. right wing formation in Europe and their counter- measures: an online mapping, Open Society Foundations. pp 5-89
-          walchuk, Andrew.2011. immigration and extreme right, an analysis of recent voting trends in western Europe, INQUIRY, volume 12, pp 24-33.
-          Wilkes, Rima‌ &‌; Neil Guppy & lily Forris .2007. Right – Wing Parties and Anti – Foreigner Sentiment in Europe", American Sociological Review, Vol 72. Pp :831-840
-          Enstad, Johannes (2018), Right-Wing Terrorism and Violence in Putin’s Russia, Perspectives on Terrorism, Vol. 12, No. 6   
-          Caiaini, Manuela and Donatella Della Porta (2018) "The Radical Right as Social Movement Organizations." In The Oxford Handbook of the Radical Right, ed. Jens Rydgren. Oxford: Oxford University Press
-          Muis, J. C., & Immerzeel, T. (2016). Radical right    populism. Sociopedia.isa. https://doi.org/10.1177/2056846016121
-          Manuela Caiani, Radical right-wing movements: Who, when, how and why? Article · January 2017, Sociopedia.isa, at: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/323951576
 
سایت های اینترنتی
-          Zollmann, Florian(2016) The New Right in Germany  available at:
-          Löwy, Michael (2014), Ten theses on the far right in Europe available at:
-          Terror in Oslow, Wall Street Journal; 22 July 2011 available at:
-          Kundnani Arun.2012. Blind Spot? Security Narratives and Far-Right Violence in Europe, available at:https://www.icct.nl/download/file/ICCT-Kundnani-Blind-Spot-June-2012.pdf
-          The state right wing extremism in Europe, European Union Center of North Carolina EUBriefings, March 2012.  Available at:
europe.unc.edu/wp-content/.../Brief1203-rightwingextremism.pdf