Document Type : Research Paper
Authors
1 PhD Candidate of political science (Contemporary Isan's Issues) Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran.
2 Associate Professor, Department of Political Science, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad. Iran.
3 Associate Professor In Political Science, Department of Political Sciences, Faculty of Law and Political Sciences, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad; Mashhad, Iran.
Abstract
Introduction
Martin Heidegger, one of the foremost philosophers of the 20th century, offers a radical critique of Western metaphysical traditions while advancing an in-depth analysis of existential ontology. His pivotal concepts, including "Dasein," "Being," and "authenticity," underpin a profound rethinking of existence and its philosophical implications. Heidegger’s influence extends deeply into continental philosophy, as well as contemporary socio-cultural theory. Central to his inquiry is the role of everyday life in either obscuring or unveiling the fundamental truth of Being. Heidegger contends that individuals often exist within rigid frameworks of pre-established social norms, which foster unconscious conformity at the expense of genuine self-discovery. This phenomenon, which he terms "fallenness," not only alienates individuals from existential questions but reduces them to instruments within socio-cultural structures. These structures, according to Heidegger, operate as mechanisms that regulate norms, power relations, and cultural values, often concealing existential truths while constraining opportunities for authenticity. Heidegger argues that individuals often live within pre-established frameworks and social norms, unconsciously adhering to them rather than discovering the true meaning of their own existence. This inauthentic mode of living, which Heidegger refers to as "fallenness," is a form of being in which individuals become oblivious to deeper existential questions. As a result, they are reduced to mere tools in the hands of socio-cultural forces. In this context, the social realm functions as a force or space in which power structures, cultural norms, and social relations are organized in ways that can limit authentic experiences and obscure existential truths.
Materials & Methods
This study employs an ontological lens to interrogate the notions of the social and the quotidian as articulated in Heidegger’s thought, emphasizing the centrality of Dasein and authenticity. It delves into Heidegger’s critique of inherited philosophical traditions, alongside his exploration of the dynamic interplay between language, routine practices, and social institutions. The methodological approach is qualitative, drawing heavily on primary texts, particularly Heidegger’s Being and Time, while incorporating secondary analyses that situate his philosophy within the broader socio-cultural milieu. This framework enables a nuanced examination of Heidegger’s insights into the roles of temporality, mortality, and normative structures in shaping human existence.
Discussion & Result
Heidegger’s critique of inauthentic existence is firmly rooted in his overarching ontological framework. He characterizes everyday life as predominantly dominated by unexamined conformity to societal norms, which obfuscates the deeper truths of human existence. Such a mode of being fosters dependence on external validation and predefined roles, thereby estranging individuals from their authentic potential. A pivotal pathway to overcoming this alienation is Heidegger’s concept of "Being-towards-death," which underscores mortality as a key enabler of existential reflection and authenticity. By acknowledging the finitude of existence, individuals can disengage from the confines of social conformity and cultivate self-awareness that reveals genuine possibilities. Furthermore, Heidegger’s notion of "Being-with-others" (Mitsein) accentuates the fundamentally relational character of human existence. He posits that the interplay of interpersonal relationships provides the context within which individuals construct their identities. However, the predominance of societal expectations often undermines individual agency, perpetuating the condition of fallenness. Heidegger advocates for critically engaging with these societal frameworks to reconfigure one's interactions with the world and others, thereby fostering conditions for an authentic existence. Heidegger’s treatment of temporality further elucidates the existential structures shaping Dasein’s engagement with the world. Unlike the commodified, linear understanding of time prevalent in modernity, Heidegger conceptualizes temporality as a deeply personal and dynamic phenomenon, interwoven with the past, present, and future. By reclaiming this existential temporality, individuals can resist the alienation imposed by technological rationality and consumerist paradigms, thereby redefining their relational priorities and existential commitments.
Conclusion
Heidegger’s philosophical exploration of the social and everyday life offers an incisive critique of modernity’s dehumanizing tendencies and its influence on individual existence. His emphasis on authenticity, relationality, and temporality provides critical insights for addressing the socio-cultural challenges of contemporary life. By cultivating an acute awareness of mortality, time, and the restrictive nature of normative structures, individuals can transcend the state of fallenness to pursue a more profound and authentic mode of being. This study concludes that Heidegger’s ontological framework not only exposes the mechanisms through which societal systems shape individual existence but also illuminates pathways for reclaiming authentic living amidst the complexities of a mediated, modern world.
Keywords
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