Maryam Ahmadi Kafshani; Ahmad Ali Heydari
Volume 4, Issue 2 , May 2014, Pages 1-21
Abstract
If observable behaviors represent the thoughts that are behind them, it is evident that every attempt to reform them depends on a change in the viewpoint. By accepting this hypothesis, solving personal and social issues of modern societies needs reconsideration of the viewpoint that is the infrastructure ...
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If observable behaviors represent the thoughts that are behind them, it is evident that every attempt to reform them depends on a change in the viewpoint. By accepting this hypothesis, solving personal and social issues of modern societies needs reconsideration of the viewpoint that is the infrastructure of the total structure called modern thought.
Gabriel Marcel puts forth the creative fidelity of this change and reformation. He believes the true value can be given back to humans by transforming human interactions based on everyone’s common experience. Furthermore, he wants to alter the society’s superstructures.
Saeed Baqeri; Seyyed Sadeq Haqiqat
Volume 4, Issue 2 , May 2014, Pages 23-50
Abstract
The concept of Just War and the relation between Just War and Christian theology is the focal point of discussions about political philosophy in the Christian world for over sixteen centuries. The theory of “Just War” is one of the most important theories of international relations and political ...
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The concept of Just War and the relation between Just War and Christian theology is the focal point of discussions about political philosophy in the Christian world for over sixteen centuries. The theory of “Just War” is one of the most important theories of international relations and political philosophy about peace which was put forward and developed by Saint Augustine (354), the divine thinker and sage. Augustine considers a war as just, if its initiator has divine eligibility and aims at implementation of justice and setting up monotheistic society through war. In his opinion, the theory of Just War has three basic properties: 1. ethics (excellence) and justice, 2. the laws (natural and time-related), 3. commonwealth.
These three points are the most important results of the theory of Just War. On one hand, he puts sin as the basic axis of just war and expresses that the latter is developed to get rid of materialistic life and to form spiritual life. Based on religious topics, Augustine attempted to present a different definition of justice, to show an approach towards justice different from the approaches taken by his predecessors, that had a celestial shape and to offer a clear interpretation of his own spiritual society and utopia based on religious and natural reasons. The theory of Just War, concerning its logical structure, is consistent with the theory of Just War among classical philosophers on the one hand, and with the theory of Holy War among the philosophers of Middle Ages on the other hand
Khashayar Boroumand; Hamidreza Ayatollahi
Volume 4, Issue 2 , May 2014, Pages 51-69
Abstract
Descartes' methodological doubt and Bourdieu's views on skepticism are discussed in this paper. Descartes wants to defeat skepticism and Cartesian doubt is a method for attaining absolute certainty. On the other hand, Bourdieu's response to skepticismis based on the adjustment of the criteria for certainty. ...
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Descartes' methodological doubt and Bourdieu's views on skepticism are discussed in this paper. Descartes wants to defeat skepticism and Cartesian doubt is a method for attaining absolute certainty. On the other hand, Bourdieu's response to skepticismis based on the adjustment of the criteria for certainty. According to Bourdieu's anti-skeptical approach, less-than-absolute evidentness and certainty is sufficient for natural and moral sciences and the knowledge we need in everyday life. In this paper, after discussing the views held by Descartes and Bourdieu on skepticism and the deceptive god hypothesis, which is based on the god's absolute power, their approaches toward skepticism and the consequences are compared
Mahdi Zakeri
Volume 4, Issue 2 , May 2014, Pages 71-90
Abstract
Skepticism consists of the possibility of the falsity of most of statements we suppose to be true. This possibility is shown by arguments such as Descartes’ dreaming, evil demon and the brain in vat arguments. Having developed the idea of radical interpretation, Donald Davidson has argued in a ...
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Skepticism consists of the possibility of the falsity of most of statements we suppose to be true. This possibility is shown by arguments such as Descartes’ dreaming, evil demon and the brain in vat arguments. Having developed the idea of radical interpretation, Donald Davidson has argued in a number of his papers that the possibility of language and communication shows we cannot be mistaken about the world around us, and consequently sceptical doubts about our knowledge are misplaced. According to him, the very nature of language and the accompanying phenomenon, that is belief, imply the connection between speaker’s and interpreter’s beliefs and the external world. This connection implies the truth of much of our beliefs. In the first step, Davidson shows the agreement between the speaker and the interpreter. In the second step, by resorting to the arguments of omniscient interpreter and radical interpretation, he argues that this agreement corresponds to the external world. This paper concludes that the first argument is incomplete but defends the second one against objections and criticisms
Mohammad Taqi Tabatabaei
Volume 4, Issue 2 , May 2014, Pages 91-105
Abstract
The speculative sentence is one of Hegel’s logical innovations first introduced in Phenomenology of Spirit, though it also plays an important role as the vehicle of dialectics in his Science of Logic. The concept of this sentence is based upon Hegel’s critique of Aristotle's predicative sentence ...
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The speculative sentence is one of Hegel’s logical innovations first introduced in Phenomenology of Spirit, though it also plays an important role as the vehicle of dialectics in his Science of Logic. The concept of this sentence is based upon Hegel’s critique of Aristotle's predicative sentence and Kant’s synthetic a priori. In this paper, this sentence is defined in accordance with the former sentences of Aristotle’s and specially Kant’s logic. Moreover, the possibilities which this sentence produces for Hegel’s thought will be examined by considering its relation to Hegel’s dialectic. Finally, we can see in the process of shaping this sentence the whole of Hegel’s philosophy
Saeed Tebbi Momtaz
Volume 4, Issue 2 , May 2014, Pages 107-130
Abstract
One of the most controversial topics in Thomas Kuhn’s philosophy of science is the concept of incommensurability; the concept he applied for comparison among successive theories. When he developed this concept, many critics challenged his view, so he decided to improve his theory. There fore, from ...
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One of the most controversial topics in Thomas Kuhn’s philosophy of science is the concept of incommensurability; the concept he applied for comparison among successive theories. When he developed this concept, many critics challenged his view, so he decided to improve his theory. There fore, from the time of expressing this concept to the final version, we can find two positions in his view separated from one another by a transitional position. In his early position, the concept of incommensurability is related to the concept of paradigm and revolutionary transitions between them. As each paradigm has different methods and problem patterns, we cannot have compare or judge about them. Critics found such view irrational, because if there is no meta-paradigmatic criterion, how we can know that a theory is rational. By reforming his view in his transitional position, Kuhnseeks to relate incommensurability with indeterminacy of translation. However, but in spite of some problems he gives up on this position and presents the later version of his theory
Ali Fath Taheri
Volume 4, Issue 2 , May 2014, Pages 131-158
Abstract
One of the important problems in the history of philosophy is the problem of time. Though many philosophers tackled this problem, in the contemporary period it was undoubtedly Henry Bergson who first treated it seriously, to the extent that his philosophy was known as the philosophy of time. He founded ...
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One of the important problems in the history of philosophy is the problem of time. Though many philosophers tackled this problem, in the contemporary period it was undoubtedly Henry Bergson who first treated it seriously, to the extent that his philosophy was known as the philosophy of time. He founded the beginning and ending point of his philosophy based on the intuition of time and, in strict sense of the word, on the intuition of duration. According to the tradition of his dualism, there are two approaches toward time in Bergson's philosophy: metaphysical approach and epistemological approach. With reference to the metaphysical approach, this article seeks to cast some light on the reality of time, although the conceptual description of time seems to be impossible and indeed such an approach contradicts the nature of Bergson's philosophy. This is because by imprisoning time in certain concepts, we may do away with his duration and continuity which constitute the essence of his philosophy.
On the whole, Bergson sought to elaborate two negative and affirmative points concerning time: So far as the former is concerned, time is not an independent concept, and indeed it is identical with place, though differentiated from it. As for the latter, time is a spiritual and psychological matter that Bergson calls duere (duration). In this sense, time is an independent fact; indeed it constitutes the basis and reality of everything
