Occidental Studies

Abstract Existentialism is a philosophical school based on freedom, choice and responsibility that seeks to define the originality of human beings. This line of thought and philosophical attitude is reflected in the plays of Beckett, the French-Irish author of the 20th century and the winner of the Nobel Prize for Literature in 1969, including Happy Days. Beckett did not have a political position. He was independent and did not talk about his works. Therefore, everyone interprets his works from their own point of view, and some people who do not know him correctly think that Beckett is a hopeless person and his works are ambiguous.

This research shows with a library, descriptive and analytical method: Beckett seeks to criticize the stagnation and passivity of man by describing the human situation in the play Happy Days. most people, despite being free, avoid thinking, trying to advance society and accepting responsibility. Without any will, they have no desire to become and change their own and others' lives, and with laziness and ignorance, they accept exploitation and colonization. Beckett, like other existentialists, sees the growth and liberation of a person in self-improvement, awakening and will power.



Keywords

Beckett, Happy Days, Existentialism, choice, Freedom, Responsibility

Abstract The Theory of Language Games is the key notion of Ludwig Wittgenstein's latter philosophy. This theory has been crafted against The Picture Theory of Language as the core of Wittgenstein’s Tractarian vision.
      According to The Picture Theory of Language, Language has merely one function: picturing reality. We can grasp the truth of World through grasping the truth of Language. Indeed, this latter theory is a representative of a Modern view of language. On the contrary, according to The Theory of Language Games, Language is a Multidimensional phenomenon; hence, we could never understand it from an Essentialist point of view. Indeed, Language consists of a body of different Language Games: Linguistic Functions. Each of such language games is connected with a special Form of Life. Thus conceived, understanding a language game essentially implies understanding the very Form of Life within which the language game occurs. The Theory of Language Games is a Postmodern Philosophical Standpoint of Language. And, in this article, our main goal is to analyze different aspects of this latter remark.

Abstract Abstract: the basis of dualism in western philosophy, that flourished in modernity, was built upon the opposition between reason/intuition, heaven/earth, spirit/body, pleasure/morality. Foucault extends the criticism of this dualism to its final station in favor of intuition/earth. This paper will consider Foucault’s thought, his separation from philosophical/political discourse of modernity. Modernity started with humanism, but Foucault regarded the transition to modernity not as a transition to freedom and liberty, but as a transition from an observable domination to an unobservable one and takes all truth claims and general principles special formulation of hegemonic relations and power technologies.

Abstract Nature or Physis is one of the most fundamental concepts of Greek philosophy. Physis is a Greek philosophical, theological, and scientific term, usually translated into English—according to its Latin translation "natura"—as "nature".

This article defines the various concepts of physis in Greek civilization From the Age of Myth to the Philosophical Period. It will also discuss the two terms physis and fusis and the discussion about which one will be correct in pronunciation.

It is very important to pay attention to the mythological meanings of the word physis in the tradition of Orpheus and pre-Socratic philosophers. After researching the pre-Socratic concept of physis, we will address the approach of Plato and, more importantly, Aristotle. In particular, two important works of Aristotle (physic and metaphysics) that are Important sources of this research. Another important point in understanding the concept of nature in Greek is its different to techne. From Aristotle's point of view, techne is any artificial thing that is created by human intervention, Theoretical like poetry and practical as architecture. But man has no involvement in the creation of nature and natural objects. Therefore, in Greek philosophy, there is a opposition between nature and techne.

Abstract Islamic Civilization is a subject with great importance, not only concerned with the identity of the Islamic world but also can be an effective factor in establishing it in the time when the Western Civilization beholds nothing equal to itself. But finding ups and downs occurred in the Western Civilization and how important this ups and downs is, are problems that can be a subject for research. Besides, in the discussion of the scientific and social developments in the human history, usually three periods are considered as criterions, that are Hellenic Ages, Middle Ages, and New Age; but this historical division includes mostly the scientific and social history of Europe and the West. This article discusses scientifically how to consider certain periods for the Islamic Civilization as well as its ups and downs during five great historical changes from various points of view. Two of these five periods studied in this article are the decadence and three of them are the exaltation of the Islamic civilization. Now we are in the third period of exaltation and the fifth step of development of the Islamic civilization. It can be a multilateral critical and comparative look at the history and development of the Islamic Civilization as compared with those of the Western Civilization.