Alireza Aram; Atefeh Mirfatemi
Abstract
Descartes, in his epistemological inquiry process, known as grammatical doubt, has chosen a kind of behavioral discipline with a provisional state. In this type of moral advice, living on the basis of common and relatively simple principles is promoted without the need for a previous philosophical basis, ...
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Descartes, in his epistemological inquiry process, known as grammatical doubt, has chosen a kind of behavioral discipline with a provisional state. In this type of moral advice, living on the basis of common and relatively simple principles is promoted without the need for a previous philosophical basis, and regardless of the content of the belief and the degree of its coherence or strength. The question is that What is the conceivable relationship between: a) This minimalist interpretation of morality, which takes the easy preparation of acknowledging the necessity of morality and discovering its major instances, and b) The so-called postmodern morality, which in the later historical context of Descartes, and it takes a much stricter view of the possibility and value of morality? By an intertextual reading of the relationship between provisional and postmodern perceptions of ethics, it seems that Descartes's provisional behavioral strategy is a commentary on the presence of ethics in postmodern discourse and, in fact, it is the pillar of the survival of this discourse regarding to the necessity of ethics.
S. M. Reza Amiri Tehranizadeh
Abstract
In this paper, justice theory is discussed and compared from two philosophers’ points of view; Mohammad Baqir Sadr and Robert Nozick. The conceptual framework of this comparison is based on the categories which these two philosophers have in common. Nozick’s pure procedural theory of justice ...
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In this paper, justice theory is discussed and compared from two philosophers’ points of view; Mohammad Baqir Sadr and Robert Nozick. The conceptual framework of this comparison is based on the categories which these two philosophers have in common. Nozick’s pure procedural theory of justice consists of two main concepts; original acquisition of holdings and transfer of holdings. Sadr’s end-state theory of justice also consists of two concepts; pre-production distribution and post-production distribution. Nozick’s concept of original acquisition of holdings and sadr’s concept of pre-production distribution, both discuss how man can acquire natural resources, but based on different conception of right. According to different perceptions of right, these two theories of justice are compared. Therefore this paper aims at analyzing the differences of these two theories of justice according to the mentioned conceptual frameworks, discussing topics such as the origin of right, teleological justice, property rights and government duties.
seydeh akram barakati; yousef shaghool; mohammadjavad safian
Abstract
In managing the crisis of the Covid-19 pandemic, what is most heard is the emphasis on keeping your distance from the others. But whether this spacing could make changes over time in the usual behavioral norms? Could we reconstruct and renovate this various broken rules and norms which like narrative ...
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In managing the crisis of the Covid-19 pandemic, what is most heard is the emphasis on keeping your distance from the others. But whether this spacing could make changes over time in the usual behavioral norms? Could we reconstruct and renovate this various broken rules and norms which like narrative plots had the role of unification? In this paper, we would analyze the crisis of the relation of the self to the other within this situation. We explain Ricoeur's epistemological approach towards the relation of the self to the other in the light of the concepts of ethics and social responsibility. Then, on the bisis of Ricour's theory of practical wisdom, we try to show some possibilities for encountering the crisis of this relationship in the pandemic situation. By grafting the concept of law onto the ethics through the practical wisdom, we obligate oneself to the order of political institution as an interior command which is the call of conscious. This call is an ethical order from the others within us. It could arise the hope that people and political institutions cooperate with each other to pass the current crisis.
Hasan Bolkhari Ghehi
Abstract
Nature or Physis is one of the most fundamental concepts of Greek philosophy. Physis is a Greek philosophical, theological, and scientific term, usually translated into English—according to its Latin translation "natura"—as "nature".This article defines the various concepts of physis in Greek ...
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Nature or Physis is one of the most fundamental concepts of Greek philosophy. Physis is a Greek philosophical, theological, and scientific term, usually translated into English—according to its Latin translation "natura"—as "nature".This article defines the various concepts of physis in Greek civilization From the Age of Myth to the Philosophical Period. It will also discuss the two terms physis and fusis and the discussion about which one will be correct in pronunciation.It is very important to pay attention to the mythological meanings of the word physis in the tradition of Orpheus and pre-Socratic philosophers. After researching the pre-Socratic concept of physis, we will address the approach of Plato and, more importantly, Aristotle. In particular, two important works of Aristotle (physic and metaphysics) that are Important sources of this research. Another important point in understanding the concept of nature in Greek is its different to techne. From Aristotle's point of view, techne is any artificial thing that is created by human intervention, Theoretical like poetry and practical as architecture. But man has no involvement in the creation of nature and natural objects. Therefore, in Greek philosophy, there is a opposition between nature and techne.
tarannom taghavi; mostafa goudarzi
Abstract
This research purpose is to answer the question of how the discourse of social commitment in contemporary art of the world has presented itself and how is it manifested in the way of expressing works of art? In a descriptive-analytical method, it has studied the process of formation of the discourse ...
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This research purpose is to answer the question of how the discourse of social commitment in contemporary art of the world has presented itself and how is it manifested in the way of expressing works of art? In a descriptive-analytical method, it has studied the process of formation of the discourse of social commitment in the contemporary art of the Western world and its manifestation in the art of war and peace. As a result, much of contemporary world art has embraced the discourse of social commitment; But the place and role of political and social commitment in art has been fundamentally changed by the functioning of contemporary art movements. If in the past we encountered formalist, unitary, individual expression in the role of a particular commodity in museums and galleries, today we are confronted with conceptualist, pluralistic works, with an emphasis on the social dimension as a statement. We encounter public places, streets, museums, and galleries, and finally, at this time, art breaks away from its limited framework and, as an action, places the artist in the role of an activist in relation to social issues.
Sharareh Teimouri; Shamsolmolok Mostafavi; Maryam Bakhtiarian
Abstract
By insisting on the complexities of our particular type of understanding, Jacques Derrida focuses on how and why we do not understand each other. At the same time, most philosophers emphasize how we know each other. Derrida does not deny the truth but believes that we are living in a world with a stable ...
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By insisting on the complexities of our particular type of understanding, Jacques Derrida focuses on how and why we do not understand each other. At the same time, most philosophers emphasize how we know each other. Derrida does not deny the truth but believes that we are living in a world with a stable suspension that prevents us from having a complete understanding of its truth. The truth is not only unstable, but it is even more unstable in the works of art. Thus, because of that the reflection of the truth becomes at the highest degree of diversity and instability, it is necessary for the creation of a work of art. Without this instability, the work of art becomes a mathematical formula that everyone can do. This instability and suspension allow the art to be unique and irreplaceable. Accordingly, the primary purpose of this study is to investigate why the audience will never get rid of an active and permanent interpretation of the work of art and how any perception will lead to more instability in understanding. These are the basic principles that any art needs to survive.
Javad Soori; seyedreza Mousavinia
Abstract
The European Unionhas faced many challenges in recent years such as Brexit. There have been various analyses about the UK parliament's decision to leave European Union (Brexit) since the referendum of 2016. Most analyses emphasize on the consequences of inequalities arising from political economics, ...
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The European Unionhas faced many challenges in recent years such as Brexit. There have been various analyses about the UK parliament's decision to leave European Union (Brexit) since the referendum of 2016. Most analyses emphasize on the consequences of inequalities arising from political economics, globalization, European integration and the problem of migrants. But this study believes that the advent of neo-nationalism in Britain has something to do with the Brexit. Historical roots and cultural and identity heritages are essential variables in Brexit, which most analyses ignore them. This paper deals with the supposition of neo-nationalism in the UK and based on this assumption answers this question: Which factors have an effect on the advent of neo-nationalism supposition in the UK? The hypothesis this study tries to make it intersubjective is that economic crises, immigration and social and economic gaps arising from globalization, having highlighted the identity bonds and historical – cultural heritage among social forces, lead to the advent of neo-nationalism in Europe and the representation of it against unionism. The method used in this paper involves explanation of neo-nationalism and then clarifying the factors leading to the supposition of nationalism in the UK.
Mohammad Taghi Tabatabaei
Abstract
Descartes' methodical doubt is being criticized by naïve realists and others who don't find doubt as a good starting point for metaphysical thought, however, the philosophical achievements of his method have been absorbed in all later philosophies. The objective of this paper is to demonstrate how ...
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Descartes' methodical doubt is being criticized by naïve realists and others who don't find doubt as a good starting point for metaphysical thought, however, the philosophical achievements of his method have been absorbed in all later philosophies. The objective of this paper is to demonstrate how an inevitable question concerning the foundation of Descartes' mathesis universalis, which led him to investigate this foundation by applying this very method in Metaphysics, has finally enabled him to discover his most important philosophical principle, i.e., the necessary relation between being and reason in the identity of the "I". To demonstrate this, after summarizing the fundamental ideas of mathesis uneversalis, and showing the inner necessity of introducing the methodical doubt to fortify these ideas, the decisive role of metaphysical doubt as the third step of the methodical doubt, and malicious demon as its second phase would be highighted. It would also become clear that the metaphysical doubt has a great importance as a turning point from different aspects: as a knot that ties mathesis universalis with its underlying Metaphysics; as a bridge from within the psychological "I" to the metaphysical "I".
seyyed nematollah abdorrahimzadeh
Abstract
Undoubtedly, the Idea of Beauty is one of the fundamental notions in the philosophy of Plato so that it would be seen in the line of the ideas of Good and One and, like these ideas, plays an essential role in the dialectical system of Plato. The dialectical orientation of this idea begins with Socrates’ ...
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Undoubtedly, the Idea of Beauty is one of the fundamental notions in the philosophy of Plato so that it would be seen in the line of the ideas of Good and One and, like these ideas, plays an essential role in the dialectical system of Plato. The dialectical orientation of this idea begins with Socrates’ question of Beauty in the Hippias Major and though Hippias fails to answer, it reveals the various implications of the meanings of this idea on the one hand and the understanding of the idea transcending from the concrete level to the abstract level on the other hand and upon this basis, tow ascending and descending paths are shaped in the Symposium. The ascending path is from the beautiful bodies to the Beauty itself and the descending path is after visiting Beauty to the corporal world for giving birth to the beautiful thoughts and deeds. Socrates is the central character in both paths whose trait of mutiny and contrary to the custom and habit makes him different from others and also gives him the ability to pass both paths. That is why, despite of his ugliness, he has the beautiful and godly figures within himself and giving birth of these figures is by his language and logos so that according to confirmation of Alcibiades, it has a profound effect on the heart and soul of his audiences.So, the aim of the present paper is to pursue this dialectical path in the platonic thought from initial question about Beauty to the birth of Beauty.
seyedhassan falsafi talab; Jamal Soroush
Abstract
The distinction between Kant's idealism and dogmatic and material idealism is quite clear in the first critique. Another kind of idealism that Kant denies; Problematic idealism is that which considers human knowledge of the outside world through this inner experience and concepts, which also requires ...
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The distinction between Kant's idealism and dogmatic and material idealism is quite clear in the first critique. Another kind of idealism that Kant denies; Problematic idealism is that which considers human knowledge of the outside world through this inner experience and concepts, which also requires analytical reasoning. In contrast to this idealism, Kant argues for transcendental idealism, although he generally agrees fully with idealism formal idealism and its method. The fundamental question here is what is the difference between different types of idealisms? And what is the advantage of that type? And in what aspects is the reason for this superiority? In this article, we discuss the superior aspects of transcendental idealism over absolute idealism, while at the same time expressing the new problems that arise in this regard; Schopenhauer and Nietzsche also have winning critiques of the debate itself that have been addressed in this study, especially Nietzsche, who believes that Kant played a kind of game in this regard. In the final analysis, I came to the conclusion that Kant: has serious problems with the validity of recognizing and explaining certain foreign beings.
Raoof Mirzamohamadi; Mohammad Raayat Jahromi
Abstract
Technology in the age of information in general and theory of simulation in Baudrillard thought in particular are the basis of this paper. With emphasize on critical approach, this paper intends to pursue these basic and secondary issues and questions in Baudrillard philosophy: What is the relationship ...
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Technology in the age of information in general and theory of simulation in Baudrillard thought in particular are the basis of this paper. With emphasize on critical approach, this paper intends to pursue these basic and secondary issues and questions in Baudrillard philosophy: What is the relationship between information and meaning? What is simulation and what is the difference between representation and simulation, and finally, how is the world of simulation? Baudrillard believed that, we have passed through the age of representation and entered an age that can be called the age of simulation. This age is very different from previous in a way that removes all previous discourses and also redefines man. In this paper, first we examine the background and origins of Baudrillard thought, and then the question of information and its relation to meaning. In the final part of the paper, we try to critically examine Baudrillard thought from the perspective of pragmatism.
Marjan Naderzadeh Gavareshki; ali moradkhani; Hamidreza Afshar
Abstract
Time, for Henri Bergson (French philosopher, 1859-1941), is continuity, progress, and heterogeneity. In addition, because of this perspective, it can be seen that time conserving and preserving the past. Thus, for Bergson, this is the core of his idea about time and memory. Which memory conserves the ...
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Time, for Henri Bergson (French philosopher, 1859-1941), is continuity, progress, and heterogeneity. In addition, because of this perspective, it can be seen that time conserving and preserving the past. Thus, for Bergson, this is the core of his idea about time and memory. Which memory conserves the past and this conservation does not imply that one experiences the same (re-cognition), but difference. One moment is added onto the old ones, and thus, when the next moment occurs, it is added onto all the other old ones plus the one that came immediately before. This is his answer to the question about human beings and the nature of time, this is the concept of duration. This study intends to explain the concept of Duration in Henry Bergson's philosophy and since the main hypothesis of this research is the effect of the "Duration" in Henry Bergson's philosophy on the "European art cinema movement" in the field of narrative's methods and structures. Therefore, in order to prove this hypothesis, after explaining the concept of duration in Bergson's philosophy, the study will examine some of the films of the European art cinema movement, namely the films of Hiroshima My Love 1959 - last year in Marine Wind 1961 - Immortal 1963 In this way, it shows that these films have achieved different representations of time and duration in narrativity by creating novel and complex chronological order, timelessness in the narrative, and the creation of a variety of internal, external, and composite retrospectives(flashback), which can be interpreted by Henry Bergson's definition of time and his concept about duration. Also, this research seeks to achieve a single model for reading and analyzing this type of time-based narration.
